CBSE · Class 10 · Biology · Chapter 5

Life Processes — Formula Sheet

Board Formulas

7 formulas

1.Photosynthesis (Overall)★
$6 C O_{2} + 6 H_{2} O sunlight, chlorophyll C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} + 6 O_{2}$
Autotrophic nutrition in green plants. Site: chloroplast (mesophyll cells). Occurs during the day.
2.Aerobic Respiration★
$C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} + 6 O_{2} ⟶ 6 C O_{2} + 6 H_{2} O + 38 ATP$
In presence of oxygen; site: mitochondria. Releases ~ 38 ATP per glucose.
3.Anaerobic Respiration (Muscle)
$C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} ⟶ 2 C_{3} H_{6} O_{3} + 2 ATP$
In absence of oxygen; site: cytoplasm. Product = lactic acid (in muscle cramps).
4.Anaerobic Respiration (Yeast)★
$C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} ⟶ 2 C_{2} H_{5} O H + 2 C O_{2} + 2 ATP$
Fermentation by yeast: glucose → ethanol + CO₂. Basis of bread rising and brewing.
5.Cardiac Output
$Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume \times Heart Rate$
Volume of blood pumped per minute. Adult at rest: ~ 5 L/min.
6.Rate of Transpiration
$Rate \propto leaf area, temperature, \frac{1}{humidity}$
Loss of water vapour, mostly through stomata. Creates the transpiration pull for xylem transport.
7.Urine Formation Three Stages
$Filtration \to Reabsorption \to Secretion$
Occur in the nephron: glomerulus (filter), PCT/loop/DCT (reabsorb), collecting duct (concentrate). Adult produces ~ 1.5 L urine/day.