Maharashtra State Board · Class 12 · Biology · Chapter 10

Human Health and Diseases — Formula Sheet

Board Formulas

10 formulas

1.Types of Immunity★
$Innate (nonspecific) vs Acquired (specific)$
Innate present from birth; acquired develops after antigen exposure.
2.Active vs Passive Immunity★
$Active: body makes antibodies (vaccine, infection); Passive: preformed antibodies given (colostrum, ATS)$
Active is slow but long-lasting. Passive is quick but temporary.
3.Types of Acquired Immunity★
$Humoral (antibody-mediated, B-cells) + Cell-mediated (T-cells)$
B-cells make antibodies. T-cells attack infected cells directly.
4.Immunoglobulin Types
$IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE$
IgG most abundant (~75%). IgE is involved in allergic responses. IgM: first line.
5.Antibody Structure★
$Y-shaped, 2 heavy chains (H₂) + 2 light chains (L₂), 2 antigen-binding sites$
H₂L₂ formula. Disulfide bonds hold the chains. Fab region binds antigen; Fc binds effector.
6.HIV Structure and Type★
$Retrovirus with RNA + reverse transcriptase; targets CD4+ T-cells$
Causes AIDS. Discovered by Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo. Transmitted by blood, sexual contact, mother to child.
7.Cancer Types★
$Carcinoma (epithelial), Sarcoma (connective), Leukaemia (blood), Lymphoma (lymphoid)$
80% of human cancers are carcinomas. Blood cancer = leukaemia.
8.Metastasis
$Cancer cells detach and migrate to distant organs via blood/lymph$
The most dangerous property of malignant tumours.
9.Common Diseases and Pathogens (Balbharati list)
$Typhoid: S a l m o n e l l a, Pneumonia: S t r e pt ococc u s, Malaria: P l a s m o d i u m$
Also: Ascariasis (Ascaris), Filariasis (Wuchereria), Ringworm (Microsporum).
10.Drugs of Abuse
$Opioids: heroin (Papaver); Cannabinoids: cannabis; Cocaine: coca$
Drug source plants — Balbharati specific 2-mark question.