🐍 Python

What Python is, why it is popular, how the interpreter works, and how to run your first Python program.

Create and use variables in Python. Dynamic typing, common types and assignment patterns.

Rules for naming identifiers, the list of Python keywords, and PEP 8 naming conventions.

Numbers, strings, booleans, lists, tuples, dicts, sets — Python's built-in types and how to convert between them.

Arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, identity and membership operators.

if, elif, else, ternary expression and match-case in Python.

for and while loops, range(), break, continue, else on loops and enumerate.

Create, index, slice and mutate lists. Common list methods and pitfalls.

Define, call, return values, use default and keyword arguments, and lambdas.

Define classes, create objects, use __init__, self and instance methods — the entry to OOP in Python.

Index, slice and loop over strings, use the most useful string methods, and format output neatly with f-strings.

Create tuples, use them like read-only lists, pack and unpack values, and know when a tuple is a better choice than a list.

Store data as key–value pairs, look values up by key, add, update and delete entries, and loop over a dictionary.

Store unique items with sets, remove duplicates in one step, and combine groups with union, intersection and difference.

Reuse code with import, use the math, random and statistics modules, and write your own module and package.

Catch runtime errors with try and except, use else and finally, raise your own exceptions, and recognise Python's common built-in exceptions.

Open, write, read and append text files in Python, close them safely with with, and move around a file using seek() and tell().

Save Python objects to binary files with pickle, search and update records, and read and write spreadsheet-style CSV files with the csv module.

Build a stack (last in, first out) with a Python list: push, pop, peek and isEmpty, overflow and underflow, and a complete menu-driven program.

Reuse and extend classes with inheritance: single, multilevel and multiple inheritance, super(), and method overriding.